Half way on the road, I will now give a small review of the book "Philosophical Theories of Probability" by Donald Gillies

Departing from the origins of P() theory in the 17then century, the book opens the classical theory with the analogy of Laplace's demon.
For Laplace the world is inherently causal and mechanistic. God gave us limited senses and mind to fully understand the chain of causality a phenomena must obey, thus probability is a workaround to our limited capabilities to be able to uncover at least some mechanics and achieve some securities in an over-complex world. If a being, the said demon, would exist, which is able to observe the whole universe from begin of the world on, this being would be able to predict every future event in this universe and probabilities would not matter to him.

The classical theory views the world as a deterministic system, probabilities cannot be inherent in objective nature but must be relative to human ignorance.

Laplace believes that in an experiment we must regard every outcome as equally possible, since we cannot know better.
The classical formula therefore is P(E)= m/n. The probability of outcome E is the fraction of favorable cases to E, m, and all possible cases n.

We enter 20thies century probability with pre First World War England.
But frankly next week :-)